Giải đề Air Traffic Control In The USA – IELTS Reading
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Bài đọc Air Traffic Control In The USA
A – Aviation disaster prompts action
An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.FAA regulations training
B – First steps towards ATC
Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today’s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.
C – Two coincidental developments
In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.
D – An oversimplified view
Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.
E – Setting altitude zones
To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.
F – Setting rules to weather conditions
The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot’s license that must also be held.
G – Defining airspace categories
Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
Câu hỏi
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Example:
Paragraph B x
List of headings
i Disobeying FAA regulations
ii Aviation disaster prompts action
iii Two coincidental developments
iv Setting altitude zones
v An oversimplified view
vi Controlling pilots’ licences
vii Defining airspace categories
viii Setting rules to weather conditions
ix Taking off safely
x First steps towards ATC
Question 20-26
Do the following statements agrees with the given information of the reading passage?
In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Điểm số của bạn là % - đúng / câu
Lời giải chi tiết
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Questions 14 – 19: Dạng MATCHING HEADINGS Cách làm:
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14. Paragraph A Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn A đề cập đến một thảm họa hàng không thúc đẩy hành động Cụ thể: Một vụ tai nạn xảy ra trên bầu trời Grand Canyon vào năm 1956 đã dẫn đến việc thành lập Cục Hàng không Liên bang (FAA) để điều chỉnh và giám sát hoạt động của máy bay trên bầu trời Hoa Kỳ. → Đáp án là Heading ii Aviation disaster prompts action |
Đoạn A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. |
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15. Paragraph C Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn C đề cập đến hai sự phát triển trùng hợp Cụ thể: Vụ tai nạn trên Grand Canyon năm 1956 thúc đẩy việc thành lập FAA, cơ quan quản lý không phận Hoa Kỳ. Sau khi FAA ra đời, việc quản lý toàn diện không phận trở nên cần thiết, đặc biệt khi động cơ phản lực tạo ra nhiều máy bay tốc độ cao, làm giảm biên độ sai sót của phi công và yêu cầu áp dụng các quy tắc an toàn chặt chẽ. → Đáp án là Heading iii Two coincidental developments |
Đoạn C It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air. |
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16. Paragraph D Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn D đề cập đến một suy nghĩ quá mức đơn giản. Cụ thể: Nhiều người nghĩ rằng kiểm soát không lưu (ATC) chỉ đơn giản là một hàng các kiểm soát viên ngồi trước màn hình radar tại các sân bay trên toàn quốc, hướng dẫn máy bay đến và đi thực hiện nhiệm vụ. → Đáp án là Heading v An oversimplified view |
Đoạn D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. |
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17. Paragraph E Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn E đề cập đến sự thiết lập vùng độ cao. Cụ thể: Kiểm soát không lưu (ATC) bao phủ gần như toàn bộ Hoa Kỳ. Nói chung, từ độ cao 365m so với mặt đất trở lên, toàn bộ lãnh thổ quốc gia nằm trong không phận được kiểm soát. → Đáp án là Heading iv Setting altitude zones |
Đoạn E First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace |
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18. Paragraph F Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn F đề cập đến một vài quy tắc bay trong các điều kiện thời tiết khác nhau. Cụ thể: Bay trong điều kiện tốt tuân theo Quy tắc Bay Bằng Mắt (VFR), dựa vào tín hiệu thị giác. Trong tầm nhìn kém, Quy tắc Bay Bằng Thiết Bị (IFR) được áp dụng, yêu cầu phi công dựa vào thiết bị điều hướng và độ cao để đảm bảo an toàn. → Đáp án là Heading viii Setting rules to weather conditions |
Đoạn F In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane’s instrument panel to fly safely. |
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19. Paragraph G Thông tin chủ đạo của đoạn G đề cập đến định nghĩa các loại không phận Cụ thể: Không phận kiểm soát được phân loại theo bảng chữ cái: Lớp F là không phận không kiểm soát, Lớp E là không phận kiểm soát dưới 5.490m (không gần sân bay), và Lớp A là không phận trên 5.490m. → Đáp án là Heading vii Defining airspace categories |
Đoạn G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. |
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Questions 20 – 26: Dạng TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Cách làm:
Chọn đáp án bằng cách lần lượt trả lời 2 câu hỏi:
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20. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.
→ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn C It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, […] |
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21. Air traffic control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 19 56. Nhận xét:
→ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. |
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22. Beacons and flashing lights are still used by the ATC today.
=> Đáp án là NOT GIVEN |
Đoạn B […] beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. |
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23. Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.
→ Đáp án là TRUE |
Đoạn C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. |
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24. Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.
→ Đáp án là TRUE |
Đoạn E In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. Đoạn F Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, […] |
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25. All aircraft in class E airspace must use IFR. Nhận xét:
→ Đáp án là FALSE |
Đoạn G The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR |
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26. A pilot entering class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.
→ Đáp án là TRUE |
Đoạn G Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. |
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